Contempt of Court 1971

Contempt of Court (1971):- One of the reasonable restriction as provided in the article 19 (2) on the exercise of the right to freedom of speech and expression, which include the freedom of the press guarantee under 19 (1) (a) in contempt of court. Contempt of court may be both civil and criminal.

Functions of Mass Media

Almost everyone gets his or her information about world, national, and local affairs from the mass media. This fact gives both print and electronic media important functions that include influencing public opinion, determining the political agenda, providing a link between the government and the people, acting as a government watchdog, and affecting socialization.

Media Organization

“Media Organization” is a deceptively simple term encompassing a countless array of institutions and individuals who differ in purpose, scope, method, and cultural context. Mass media include all forms of information communicated to large groups of people, form a handmade sign to an international news network.
There is no standard for how large the audience needs to be before communication becomes “mass” communication. There are also no constraints on the type of information being presented.

Law of Defamation

Law of Defamation: - The law of defamation is supposed to protect people's reputations from unfair attack. In practice its main effect is to hinder free speech and protect powerful people from scrutiny. This leaflet provides information about legal rights and options for action for people who may be threatened by a legal action or who are worried about something they want to say or publish.

Official Secret Act 1923

Official Secret Act (1923): - Official secret act 1923 is a comprehensive law, relating to official secrets and creates a number of offences relating to them. Both journalist and ordinary people may be punish for commenting these offences. These cover making, sketches, plans, models or notes which may be useful to an enemy and obtaining, collecting, recording, publishing or communicating to any person, any secret code and a password or any sketch, article, note or other documents which may be directly or indirectly useful to an enemy or to a foreign agent or which relates to a matter the closer of which is likely to affect the sovergnity and integrity of India, the security of the state of friendly relation with foreign states.

Broadcast Vs. Print Media

Historical Differences:-
The main historical difference between broadcast and print media is their development. Print media, and thereby print journalism, evolved from a process. Anthony Smith (1980; in Herbert 2001) states: "Printing evolved from a series of divisions of labor that had been introduced in an effort to speed up the task of manuscript copying." In short, print journalism developed from a process already in place for centuries, namely the manual transcription of manuscripts. In contrast, broadcast media (and broadcast journalism) were born of technology. The telegraph, telephone, radio, television, and Internet were not built specifically for journalism nor did they evolve from some existing process related to journalism; instead, people adapted these inventions to serve the media. In this sense, broadcast is a relatively young medium especially when compared to print.

Press Laws & Media Ethics ( Copyright Act 1957)

Copyright Act (1957):- A work of literature, drama, music or art is an intellectual property. It must be protected from illegal copy or reproducing it. The copyright act accords this protection.


This act is based on to competing consideration= The creator’s property i.e. the original work needs to be protected.
= For advancement of knowledge in the interest of the society there should be some amount of the freedom to produce parts of other people copyrighted works. Copyright has been held to be a right which a person acquires in a work that is a result of his intellectual labor.

In respect of the press copyright means under section 14 of the copyright act 1957, the exclusive right in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, to do an authorized the doing in substantive form of any of the following acts mainly:-
1. To reproduce the work in any material form.
2. To publish the work.
3. To make any adaption of work.
4. To re-produce or publish translation of the work.

Punishment for knowingly infringing or abating infringement of a copyright is imprisonment which may extend up to one year or fine or both.

Working Journalist Act 1955

Working Journalist Act (1955):- The working journalist and other newspaper employees (condition of service and miscellaneous provision act) 1955, this act is a welfare measurement to regulate conditions of service of the people, employee in the newspaper industry, its provision relates mainly to:-


1. Special provision in respect of certain cases of retrenchment.
2. Payment of gratuity.
3. Hours of work.
4. Leave
5. Fixation of revision of rates of wages.
6. Enforcement of the recommendation of the wage fixation machinery i.e. wage board & wage tribunals.
7. Employees P.F.
8. Recovery of money due from the employee.