3-Point Lighting

Key Light - Fill Light - Back Light
The best lighting technique is 3-point lighting. In 3-point lighting 3 lights are used. A key light, a fill light, and a back light. A key light is the main light that is placed at a thirty to forty-five degree angle in front of the subject and to the side of the camera.

Media and World War II

Probably every conflict is fought on at least two grounds: the battlefield and the minds of the people via propaganda. The “good guys” and the “bad guys” can often both be guilty of misleading their people with distortions, exaggerations, subjectivity, inaccuracy and even fabrications, in order to receive support and a sense of legitimacy.

Methods of Research

All methods of research can be classified as;
1) Quantitative Research
2) Qualitative Research

Centralization and Decentralization

Centralization refers to the union and consolidation of departments into one center. Within the center, standardization may occur on operations ranging from computer systems to networked resources, from employee policy and conduct to furniture layout and space allocation. Disadvantages are that organizational flexibility is often compromised and necessary changes in structure become difficult and slow to implement.

Establishing a Media Organization

Establishing an organization requires a full understanding of the key characteristics. They include a vital vision, clear accountability lines, adequate facilities, reliable and diverse revenue streams, and high quality programmes and services.

Event Promotion Tools

Tools of Event Promotion:-
1) Advertising
2) Public Relations
3) Direct Contact
4) Hospitality

Radio Play or Radio Drama

Radio Play/Drama is a form of audio storytelling broadcast on radio. With no visual component, Radio Play depends on dialogues, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the story.

Media Organization

“Media Organization” is a deceptively simple term encompassing a countless array of institutions and individuals who differ in purpose, scope, method, and cultural context. Mass media include all forms of information communicated to large groups of people, form a handmade sign to an international news network.
There is no standard for how large the audience needs to be before communication becomes “mass” communication. There are also no constraints on the type of information being presented.

Sampling in Research

Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen. When organizations require data they either use data collected by somebody else (secondary data), or collect it themselves (primary data). This is usually done by SAMPLING that is collecting data from a representative SAMPLE of the population they are interested in.

Types of Advertising Research

Research can be conducted to optimize advertisements for any medium: radio, television, print (magazine, newspaper or direct mail), outdoor billboard (highway, bus, or train), or Internet. Different methods would be applied to gather the necessary data appropriately. First, there are two types of research, customized and syndicated. Customized research is conducted for a specific client to address that client’s needs. Only that client has access to the results of the research. Syndicated research is a single research study conducted by a research company with its results available, for sale, to multiple companies.

Law of Defamation

Law of Defamation: - The law of defamation is supposed to protect people's reputations from unfair attack. In practice its main effect is to hinder free speech and protect powerful people from scrutiny. This leaflet provides information about legal rights and options for action for people who may be threatened by a legal action or who are worried about something they want to say or publish.

How To Get Good Pictures - Composition Basics

Focus: A shot in focus is crisp and clear, with good definition of object. Most digital cameras have automatic focus and manual focus. Selecting automatic focus allows you to get quick action photos. Selecting manual focus allows you to determine what you want in focus: background, foreground, usually a person's eyes, or one person in front of another. To keep the focus, stay the same distance from the subject as when you "locked" the focus.

Community Radio in India

Community radio is a type of radio service that caters to the interests of a particular area in need of mass awareness. The broadcasting material of community radio has to be popular to the local audience but can be a secondary issue for more powerful broadcast groups. In India, the campaign of Community radio started in the mid 1990s, soon after the Supreme Court of India approved the idea, passed on its judgment in the month of February 1995, and declared "airwaves are public property".

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

The Non-Aligned Movement(NAM) is an organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in April 1955; as of 2007, it has 118 members.

History of Indian Radio

Broadcasting began in India with the formation of a private radio service in Madras (presently Chennai) in 1924. In the very same year, British colonial government approved a license to a private company, the Indian Broadcasting Company, to inaugurate Radio stations in Bombay and Kolkata. The company almost went bankrupt in 1930 but the colonial government took away the two transmitters and the Department of Labour and Industries started operating them as the Indian State Broadcasting Corporation. In 1936, this very Corporation was renamed All India Radio (AIR) and was controlled by the Department of Communications. When India became independent in 1947, AIR was made a separate Department under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

Bombay Stock Exchange

The Bombay Stock Exchange Limited is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world, with 4700 listed as of August 2007. It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India.

Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia with a rich heritage, now spanning three centuries in its 133 years of existence. What is now popularly known as BSE was established as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers' Association" in 1875.

World Bank

The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. Its not a bank in the common sense. The World Bank is established on 1st July, 1944 during a conference of 44 countries in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. It made up of two unique development institutions owned by 186 member countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)

The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) is an association of business organizations in India, headquartered in the national capital New Delhi. FICCI is one of the main organizations to fund and support many governmental and non-governmental educational institutes. It was founded by GD Birla and Purushottam Takkur in 1927, on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi.

How to Set Up Your Own FM Radio Station - Licensing and Start Up Issues

The basics of setting up a new radio station....
First you have to make decisions on two issues. You must choose the right place where your studio will be located. Also you must decide whether your radio transmitter will be placed at your studio or in a remote location.

Next, it’s time to obtain a FM radio station license that will allow you to legally broadcast your signal.

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)was established in 1895. In the beginning, the name of the organization was Engineering and Iron Trades Association (EITA). EITA was set up with a goal to pressurize the British government to place government orders for iron and steel and engineering goods with companies based in India (the practice then was to place government orders with firms based in UK). The name was subsequently changed to Indian Engineering Association (IEA), Engineering Association of India (EAI), Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI), Confederation of Engineering Industry (CEI) and finally to Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 1992.